25.5.10

與其詛咒黑暗 不如點起燭光

2010年5月17日
林少陽 揀爆升股5心得
【明報專訊】2002年12月13日,著名專欄作家原復生(真名蔡東豪) 在最後一篇《原氏物語》文章「料從哪裏來?」說,每日必瀏覽華富財經網站,尤其對上巿公司估值有疑難時,他第一時間想知道華富財經研究部主管林少陽的看法。2008年4月,林少陽離開華富,後來決定創業,2009年5月15日正式成立以立投資,現任董事總經理。

林少陽對投資分析的看法多有獨特之處。專業投資者很多都喜歡約見公司管理層,拿第一手資料,他則不喜歡這種有備而戰的會面,反而喜歡出席股東會,看看管理層在前前後後輕鬆的氣氛下真實的一面,自然流露的自信,可能預示覑公司的增長。

訪問進行了兩小時,林少陽再顯示出多個獨特看法。作為價值投資法的忠實信徒,他竟告訴記者,不可不學技術分析,這是尋寶的其中一個關鍵;指數藍籌公司業務基礎穩健,不少人認為是最好的投資,林少陽卻不認同;他又認為,一個行業即使優秀企業輩出,如行業無巨無霸上巿,全行股價都「難有運行」。再三咀嚼林少陽的說話,記者總括出5大揀選爆升增長股的心得。

一.不要抗拒技術分析

林少陽拿王朝酒業(0828)做例子:「王朝酒業公布2009年業績時,技術走勢其實有點奇怪。它 09年除稅前盈利2.12億港元,按年倒退2.3%,還要比一眾券商預期的中位數2.14億元低,表現如此,本來股價應該跌,它竟然升,就憑這個股價走勢訊號,我們就不能不細心看看這隻股份。」

林少陽分析說:「王朝酒業其實行了很多冤枉路,被張裕和長城追過頭,它們的產品好,銷售方面卻只靠原有的網點,增長一直不理想。」細心研究後才發現王朝正大力改革銷售體系,「以前可能一個地區只有一個分銷商,現在會引入競爭,做得不好的會被淘汰,結果它的銷售去年9月起不斷改善。今年2月,引入 Jean-Marie Laborde做非執行董事,這人曾任國際香檳集團Moet et Chandon的主席及行政總裁。王朝之後在銷售上有很多突破,包括會搞試酒會,在尖沙嘴海旁又掛了一個大大的廣告,我問他們是否想打入香港巿場,他們說志在內地客。」3月底公布業績至今,王朝酒股價已升了近兩成(圖1)。

總的來說,對於技術分析,林少陽的看法是:「我們不會什麼都知,什麼都看得透,股價技術訊號其實在告訴我們一些事情,我們不可忽略。」

二.成交弱行業 突有巨無霸上巿

「醫藥行業一向不乏優秀企業,可惜的是很多公司巿值太細,而且業務不容易明白,大行不太願意分配人手跟縱這行業,令醫藥股的股價長期落後。」

長期落後 優質股被炒起

林少陽指出,醫藥股由死寂到爆升的轉捩點,在於去年9月國藥(1099)上巿,「國藥巿值非常大(現時巿值逾780億元),而且正值醫療改革,它一上巿,隨即吸引大量基金注意,投資界投放在醫藥股的人力和物力多了,其他醫藥股都受到注意,優質股被發掘出來,進而炒起(圖2)。」

彭博通訊社綜合了54隻醫藥股由年初至今的股價表現,平均升了14%,同期恒指跌了6.6%,國指跌了8.4%,醫藥板塊明顯跑贏大巿。

三.新政推出 全行生態改變

「大凡一個行業有新的政策出台,令全行業的生態改變,就該留意該行的相關股份,去年醫藥股就是一個好例子。」林少陽說。

醫療改革 醫藥需求大增

去年4月,國家公布《醫藥衛生體制改革近期重點實施方案2009-2011 年》,目標用3 年時間實現「全民醫保」,建立覆蓋城鄉居民的基本醫療衛生保險制度,最重要的,是此次醫改政府預計將投入8500億元用於改革,資金到位,才能加強實質購買力。

「這兒所講的行業生態變化,是指很多城鄉民眾,由無錢買藥、無錢看病,在國家的幫助下,變為有錢買藥和看病,全行業的需求大增(圖3)。」

去年稍後時間,國家亦發布了《國家基本藥物目錄·基層部分》、《醫療機構配備使用基本藥物管理辦法》,投資者更可根據目錄,看看有沒有上巿公司生產相關藥品,輔助選股和預測盈利。

四.久歷行業周期 屹立不倒

林少陽說:「最好的例子就是ASM太平洋(0522),經歷了多個行業周期,仍有錢賺,仍然屹立不倒。說明這公司的團隊非常優秀,只要估值吸引,都值得考慮(圖4)。」

ASM太平洋35年未蝕過

1975年,荷蘭人Arthur H.del Prado以5000美元,在香港創立ASM亞洲,委任林師龐為經理(當時公司唯一員工)。1988年,ASM太平洋在港上巿,招股價1.61元,集資1.36 億元,巿值5.8億元。自1975年創立至今近35年,ASM太平洋從未蝕過錢,這就是公司難能可貴之處。這段期間,有數不盡的科技公司蝕錢、倒閉,而 ASM仍然屹立不倒,還要成為半導體封裝設備業的行業老大。

五.不甘平淡不斷創新的企業

「我想提一提羅欣藥業(8058),公司原本生產原料藥、抗生素,生意穩定。管理層不甘平淡,開發系統藥,包括呼吸系統、消化系統藥,這些都不容易做,他們成功了。」2005年12月羅欣藥業以每股0.26元上巿,至今已升至接近10元(圖5)。

4個「未曾」 羅欣出類拔萃

回顧往績,羅欣藥業有多個「未曾」:公司的總股數長年保持在6.09億股,上巿以來就「未曾」變過,說明公司絕無沾手拆股、供股、合股等財技,專注業務;

公司每股股息長年保持在0.02元人民幣,上巿以來就「未曾」減過,不會虧待股東;股本回報率07年以來「未曾」低於40%,股壇少見;2004年以來,盈利增長就「未曾」停過,即使經歷風聲鶴唳的08年下半年及09年上半年也是如此。難怪此股令林少陽刮目相看。指數藍籌公司業務基礎穩健,不少人認為是最佳投資。「其實,最有價值的投資不在這兒,好像內銀股,與宏觀經濟同步,買了藍籌股,最後可能與指數同步,或者贏指數,但現時最有增長的投資不在指數藍籌股。」


不定目標 但求做到最好
【明報專訊】不少財金界人士的最終目標是發大財,林少陽告訴記者,他既無最終目標,就算有最終目標,也不是發大財。「我不會定一些5年、10年目標啦,我只想be the best of yourself,發揮好每個同事的能力。」他續道:「有些目標其實意義不大,因為其實只要你每一刻做好自己,之後就會得到應有的東西。」

無想過發大達

談到發揮下屬的潛能,我們談到電影導演。管理者尤如導演,而好的導演又有兩種,一種是有很強的主見,心中有一幅具體的藍圖,要演員將那藍圖展現出來。第二種是心中有一個大概的方向和把握,他會向演員說:請你把你的最好演出來,但不背離那個方向。林少陽傾向想做第二種。「當中最關鍵的,是放下既有的框框和想法,才能好好去了解同事。」

主管如導演 讓下屬展潛能

作為一間投資公司的領導人,林少陽對於「做老闆」有另一番體會,這從他《給孩子的信》中可以見到。他兒子剛出生時,林少陽就感受到他是「一個不信命運任人擺佈的小子」,《信》中說,「Auntie Phoebe在你不足兩歲的時候,一見到你的坐姿以及你說話的神情,已經跟你開玩笑的說:老細,有咩吩咐呢?」林少陽在信中,也預早勸戒他的「老闆型」兒子,若想別人聽從你的意見,「除了不懼強權、以理服人、據理力爭之外,亦可以多用一點軟功。記住:人心肉做。」


感覺幸福 就是懂得感恩
【明報專訊】林少陽在《給楊絳老師的信》中說:「只要我們感覺幸福,生命就會幸福起來。而我相信,每個人若能真誠對待自己,定當知道怎樣的生活態度,才能得幸福。」筆者最感興趣的是:如何才能令自己感覺到幸福?

告誡兒子:世上有人更不幸

「要識得感恩。身邊擁有的東西,一切都不是應得的,擁有的任何一樣東西都是surplus(餘裕)。」林少陽說。

他告誡自己的兒子,即使生活有什麼不如意,要記着世上生活更不如意的人,大有人在。即使以後自己比別人不幸,要記住,回頭看艱苦的日子其實很快就過去。當機會來臨,就有翻身之日,而機會,是不會留給自怨自艾的人。林少陽自言,顧城的短詩《一代人》中有兩句很能代表他的人生態度:

與其詛咒黑暗 不如點起燭光

「黑夜給了我黑色的眼睛,我卻用它來尋找光明。」

人生必然會有逆境,林少陽說:「我們與其詛咒黑暗,不如點起燭光,照亮黑暗。即使眼前燭光光線微弱,而且一瞬即逝,黑暗很快重新掌權,起碼那瞬間的光輝卻長存於記憶之中。」

22.5.10

骨質疏鬆

2010年5月22日 星期六
骨質疏鬆預防貼士

【明報專訊】◆均衡飲食

◆多進食含豐富鈣質的食物,如牛奶、豆類製品及 SOYJOY高鈣香蕉口味大豆果滋棒

◆適量的負重運動,瑜伽屬非撞擊性的負重運動,可以強健骨骼、增強肌肉以保護骨骼活動,而且對關節構成的壓力甚微

◆健康的生活習慣

◆吸收充足的維他命D

◆減少吃高鹽及醃製食物

油污帶

2010年5月21日 星期五
巨大懷疑油污帶恐漂港
中大衛星圖發現 面積逾1700大球場草地
【明報專訊】中文大學前日從衛星圖片發現,南丫島以南5公里的香港水域對出外海,出現疑似油污帶,面積達17平方公里大,相等逾1700個香港大球場的草地面積,懷疑是船隻漏油或輸油設施泄漏造成。有漁民表示,該帶常有油躉出沒,懷疑是事件元兇,他們擔心若屬實,油污會漂至南丫島的魚排。

海事處表示,暫未收到油污報告,近期該處亦無發生船隻相撞等意外,昨午曾派員到南丫島至宋崗一帶水域巡邏,暫未發現油污,但由於中大的資料顯示污帶在境外水域,故未能到現場觀察,但會密切監察。

中大研究所對上一次經衛星發現油污帶,是在2008年。

海事處﹕未有報告 會密切監察

中大衛星遙感地面接收站前日接收到衛星圖像,發現香港水域附近約5公里外海面出現一條面積約17平方公里的黑色污帶。中大太空與地球信息科學研究所教授張淵智解釋,從圖片中該片黑色污帶的形狀、漂浮特性分析,有八成機會是大面積油污。污帶位置在南丫島以南約5公里的海面,覆蓋範圍長30多公里,闊 0.5至1公里,已通報本港及內地相關部門。

漁民指現場多油躉 或船隻漏油

他說,暫不清楚油污屬柴油還是原油,要到現場確定,但由於油污帶面積大,並呈長線絮狀,主要分佈在船隻航行集中區域,即分佈在航線周圍,故排除油污是定點污染源、定點排污等原因,初步估計是航行中的單艘大型或多艘船隻的油污排泄或漏油,甚至是海底輸油設施漏油的更壞情,因這都是高污染的原油,會對生態造成更大破壞。

倘吹南風可漂至南丫島

他又說,昨日嘗試拍攝新的衛星圖,但因有雲,最快要明日才有新圖片監察移動情。他指若吹南風,污帶有可能漂入香港水域,甚至去到港島南區岸邊,故促政府調查。

本報記者昨乘船往南丫島以南水域一帶,未見有油污帶,但在近南丫島發電站附近水域,見到有數十艘油躉停泊。有船家指不少人會在這裏買賣走私油,運回內地,亦有新加坡油船在這裏接收由南海油田開採的油運走,間中這裏有漏油情,故長期有海事處的油污處理組駐守。

香港海豚保育學會會長洪家耀說,由於內地燃油價格不能隨意調整,香港海上燃油價格近月較內地便宜,內地漁船紛紛湧到香港以南的油躉入油,甚至將油運到內地出售,擔心漏油風險大增。

曾在該區捕魚的漁業人士表示,現時是休漁期,只有少數從事釣艇作業的漁船在場,並無拖網漁船,對漁產影響輕微,但擔心油污漂向岸邊,會影響魚獲,但目前未收到政府通知。


學者憂墨西哥灣油禍翻版
【明報專訊】對於南丫島以南靠近香港海域,出現懷疑巨大油污帶,香港漁業聯盟主席姜彥文說,若是水漲,加上吹強烈的東南風,該油污帶便可能漂至南丫島,影響該處的魚排;若是水退,則可能會往東面的擔杆島漂走。

他指現時這兩天是農曆初七八,水流較慢,情應較樂觀,但若油污帶持續至十二、十三,水流便會較急,有可能影響本港。

未知油屬性 暫難評估影響

世界自然基金會海洋環境保護主任杜偉倫說,從中大的衛星圖片難確定油污是屬較高污染的原油,還是密度較低的普通油污,暫難評估其影響。

但他指油污帶面積達17平方公里,範圍不小,若不幸地是原油,便有可能是美國墨西哥灣漏油的翻版,造成極大破壞。他指現場水域除有魚類,尚有鯨豚類,海鳥亦可能受影響。

香港海豚保育學會會長洪家耀亦稱,他前日出海考察時亦發現香港西貢外海出現「一笪笪」油污,中間夾雜覑泥頭,但難以證明與中大拍攝到的油污是否同一來源。

西貢外海現「一笪笪」油污

他指香港東面水域平日有大型躉船出沒,不排除有躉船漏油或非法卸泥,若油污隨波漂流,香港目前已踏入夏季,主要吹東至東南風,有可能將油污吹到本港水域,首當其衝是南區的泳灘,政府應評估油污對香港的影響,不容忽視。

他又說,南面水域停泊的油躉亦對江豚構成滋擾,「香港南面水域是江豚的主要棲息地,一旦遭燃油污染,會損害江豚的肺部;油污的覆蓋面積愈大,進入水裏的空氣愈少,會令一般海洋生物窒息」。


中大太空與地球信息科學研究所自2007年起建立衛星監測系統,監察南中國海環境,前日透過衛星探測圖像(圖),發現南丫島以南5公里位於珠海水域近二洲 島一帶,有一條長34.3公里、面積約17平方公里的污帶(紅框內)。太空所指出,該黑色的污帶海面中呈明顯長線絮狀,由於不能反射陽光而呈黑色,認為並 非一般污染,有「八成機會」是油污事故。


昨往南丫島以南的本港水域觀察,未見水面有油污,但卻在近南丫島發電廠及擔杆島附近水域見到不少「油躉」。

21.5.10

synthetic life form

A step to artificial life: Manmade DNA powers cell
Scientists announce that they've produced the first living cell powered by man-made DNA.



This undated handout image provided by the J. Craig Venter Institute shows negatively stained transmission …

Craig Venter creates synthetic life form
Craig Venter and his team have built the genome of a bacterium from scratch and incorporated it into a cell to make what they call the world's first synthetic life form


Genetic entrepreneur Craig Venter explains how his team of researchers created a new life form – and what happens next.

Scientists have created the world's first synthetic life form in a landmark experiment that paves the way for designer organisms that are built rather than evolved.

The controversial feat, which has occupied 20 scientists for more than 10 years at an estimated cost of $40m, was described by one researcher as "a defining moment in biology"...

16.5.10

金星

2010年5月16日 星期日
今夜料雲稀 可觀「月掩金星」
【明報專訊】難得一見的天文現象「月掩金星」,今日傍晚會出現於本港上空,屆時月球會遮掩金星,歷時約半小時。天文台預測,今晚本港雲量少,市民成功觀賞月掩金星的機會高。

月掩金星在今晚7時37分開始,月亮會慢慢移近並掩蓋右上方的金星,至8時01分結束。香港太空館昨表示,由於金星常徘徊在太陽附近,大部分月掩金星皆在日間發生,不易觀測;今次出現在日落不久,非常適合觀測,地點沒特別要求,只需清楚看見西北偏西天空便可。

天文台預測,受一道高壓脊影響,未來數天中國東南部天晴炎熱,今天本港天氣比昨天晴朗,雲量少,預料市民可順利觀賞月掩金星。不過,由於華南沿岸部分地區有驟雨,若雨雲飄至本港,或會遮掩夜空,妨礙市民觀賞。

上次本港出現月掩金星是1951年10月27日,市民若錯過今次機會,便要等到2023年3月24日才再有機會觀賞。

「月掩金星」發生時,金星(圖中左上角光點)會走到月亮背後被掩擋,其後再在月亮另一邊「走出」。圖為2008年在外地拍得的「月掩金星」照片。

15.5.10

木星

木星「色斑」突然消失
2010年5月14日 星期五
【明報專訊】天文學家近日通過最新拍攝的木星圖像發現,木星表面發生了顯著變化,位於木星南半球的南赤道帶已消失。天文學家尚未清楚是什麽原因導致木星突然消失了這塊「色斑」。

專家料受風暴活動影響

最先發現這奇怪現象的,是業餘天文愛好者金恩(Bob King),他是從自己在澳洲 寓所的後院,發現這奇怪狀况。他的發現已得到多名天文學家的證實。木星上的多條環帶,大概每15年就會消失或出現一次,科學家目前尚不清楚究竟是什麽原因導致南赤道帶消失。有專家指,環帶消失很可能是受木星上的風暴活動影響。

木星為太陽系 中最大的行星 ,體積為地球的1321倍。其北半球和南半球的大氣層中,均存在著暗色條紋帶。木星主要由氣體和液體組成,從外太空看上去,它的表面主要由紅、啡、黃、白的雲形成,而這些雲則是由不同高度的化學物質所組成。在木星高速自轉影響下,這些雲被時速高達560公里的強風吹成帶狀。若有興趣觀看這奇特的天文景象,今年9月24日是木星與地球最接近的時間,那時候能看清楚木星少了南赤道帶後的樣子。

每日郵報

13.5.10

太陽風暴

2010年5月13日 星期四
太陽風暴 襲衛星致失控
飄向另一衛星 恐干擾全美電視信號
【明報專訊】電影《2012》及《地球眦滅密碼》均描述太陽會發生強烈風暴,最終導致地球末日。在現實中,太陽風暴雖未襲地球,但已令美國一顆通訊衛星失控,現正朝另一衛星的軌道移動,可能會干擾全美國的有線電視信號傳送。

這顆失控衛星名為「銀河15號」(Galaxy 15),由美國國際電訊衛星公司(Intelsat)所有。Intelsat表示,該衛星可能受到太陽風暴破壞,自4月5日開始不受地面控制中心控制,偏離赤道上空3.6萬公里的地球同步軌道,並朝另一顆衛星、負責向全美國有線電視發射信號的AMC 11衛星的軌道前進。

可將衛星推遠免互影響

「銀河15號」現時仍繼續運作,預計它將於5月23日飄至AMC 11的軌道。AMC 11接收數碼信號,再傳送到美國所有有線系統。擁有AMC 11的SES公司表示,「銀河15號」失控飄向AMC11的軌道,可能令兩顆衛星的重疊,出現干擾。兩間公司均強調,兩顆衛星沒有相撞的風險。SES公司發言人表示,他們在最壞情下可利用AMC 11衛星的推進系統,把它推向100公里外,這樣它就可以避開「銀河15號」的影響。

失控衛星或飄向「重力勢井」

失控的「銀河15號」下場會是什麼呢?美國太空總署約翰遜太空中心的首席科學家約翰遜(Nicholas Johnson)表示,地球同步軌道上有兩個會干擾地球重力場的點,稱為「重力勢井」(geopotential well),當衛星失控時,便會飄向最近的「重力勢井」,並繞覑它擺動。約翰遜稱,目前已有150至200個「殭屍衛星」在這兩個點附近擺動,「銀河15 號」不會增加太空垃圾的問題,亦不會威脅其他正在運作的衛星。

「太空是一個非常大的空間,那裏有很多東西飄來飄去,從大環境來看,『銀河15號』不會構成新的顯著危害,但若有衛星碰巧在它飄流位置附近,便值得憂慮。」約翰遜補充道,在目前科技水平下,人類不可能升空回收地球同步軌道衛星,現時避免廢置衛星在那裏積聚的指引是,當一個衛星壽命將至時,便把它推向更高軌道,「讓它們在很長、很長的一段時間內不會飄回運作區域,可能超過100年」。
美聯社/霍士新聞

11.5.10

ash cloud

Volcanic ash cloud: where is it?
The current and changing position of the Eyjafjallajokull ash cloud that is affecting flights over Europe

2.5.10

aliens_hawking

Is Stephen Hawking right about aliens?
Stephen Hawking thinks that making contact with aliens would be a very bad idea indeed. But with new, massive telescopes, we humans are stepping up the search. Have we really thought this through?


Close enough? A scene from Close Encounters of the Third Kind.

In February 2008, Nasa sent the Beatles song, Across the Universe, across the universe. Pointing the telescopes in its Deep Space Network towards the north star, Polaris, astronomers played out their short cosmic DJ set, hoping that it might be heard by intelligent aliens during its 430-year journey to the star.

The hunt for intelligent species outside Earth may be a staple of literature and film – but it is happening in real life, too. Nasa probes are on the lookout for planets outside our solar system, and astronomers are carefully listening for any messages being beamed through space. How awe-inspiring it would be to get confirmation that we are not alone in the universe, to finally speak to an alien race. Wouldn't it?

Well no, according to the eminent physicist Stephen Hawking. "If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans," Hawking has said in a forthcoming documentary made for the Discovery Channel. He argues that, instead of trying to find and communicate with life in the cosmos, humans would be better off doing everything they can to avoid contact.

Hawking believes that, based on the sheer number of planets that scientists know must exist, we are not the only life-form in the universe. There are, after all, billions and billions of stars in our galaxy alone, with, it is reasonable to expect, an even greater number of planets orbiting them. And it is not unreasonable to expect some of that alien life to be intelligent, and capable of interstellar communication. So, when someone with Hawking's knowledge of the universe advises against contact, it's worth listening, isn't it?

Seth Shostak, a senior astronomer at the Seti Institute in California, the world's leading organisation searching for telltale alien signals, is not so sure. "This is an unwarranted fear," Shostak says. "If their interest in our planet is for something valuable that our planet has to offer, there's no particular reason to worry about them now. If they're interested in resources, they have ways of finding rocky planets that don't depend on whether we broadcast or not. They could have found us a billion years ago."

If we were really worried about shouting in the stellar jungle, Shostak says, the first thing to do would be to shut down the BBC, NBC, CBS and the radars at all airports. Those broadcasts have been streaming into space for years – the oldest is already more than 80 light years from Earth – so it is already too late to stop passing aliens watching every episode of Big Brother or What Katie and Peter Did Next.

The biggest and most active hunt for life outside Earth started in 1960, when Frank Drake pointed the Green Bank radio telescope in West Virginia towards the star Tau Ceti. He was looking for anomalous radio signals that could have been sent by intelligent life. Eventually, his idea turned into Seti (standing for Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence), which used the downtime on radar telescopes around the world to scour the sky for any signals. For 50 years, however, the sky has been silent.

There are lots of practical problems involved in hunting for aliens, of course, chief among them being distance. If our nearest neighbours were life-forms on the (fictional) forest moon of Endor, 1,000 light years away, it would take a millennium for us to receive any message they might send. If the Endorians were watching us, the light reaching them from Earth at this very moment would show them our planet as it was 1,000 years ago; in Europe that means lots of fighting between knights around castles and, in north America, small bands of natives living on the great plains. It is not a timescale that allows for quick banter – and, anyway, they might not be communicating in our direction.

The lack of a signal from ET has not, however, prevented astronomers and biologists (not to mention film-makers) coming up with a whole range of ideas about what aliens might be like. In the early days of Seti, astronomers focused on the search for planets like ours – the idea being that, since the only biology we know about is our own, we might as well assume aliens are going to be something like us. But there's no reason why that should be true. You don't even need to step off the Earth to find life that is radically different from our common experience of it.

"Extremophiles" are species that can survive in places that would quickly kill humans and other "normal" life-forms. These single-celled creatures have been found in boiling hot vents of water thrusting through the ocean floor, or at temperatures well below the freezing point of water. The front ends of some creatures that live near deep-sea vents are 200C warmer than their back ends.

"In our naive and parochial way, we have named these things extremophiles, which shows prejudice – we're normal, everything else is extreme," says Ian Stewart, a mathematician at Warwick University and author of What Does A Martian Look Like? "From the point of view of a creature that lives in boiling water, we're extreme because we live in much milder temperatures. We're at least as extreme compared to them as they are compared to us."

On Earth, life exists in water and on land but, on a giant gas planet, for example, it might exist high in the atmosphere, trapping nutrients from the air swirling around it. And given that aliens may be so out of our experience, guessing motives and intentions if they ever got in touch seems beyond the realm's even of Hawking's mind.

Paul Davies, an astrophysicist at Arizona State University and chair of Seti's post-detection taskforce, argues that alien brains, with their different architecture, would interpret information very differently from ours. What we think of as beautiful or friendly might come across as violent to them, or vice versa. "Lots of people think that because they would be so wise and knowledgeable, they would be peaceful," adds Stewart. "I don't think you can assume that. I don't think you can put human views on to them; that's a dangerous way of thinking. Aliens are alien. If they exist at all, we cannot assume they're like us."

Answers to some of these conundrums will begin to emerge in the next few decades. The researchers at the forefront of the work are astrobiologists, working in an area that has steadily marched in from the fringes of science thanks to the improvements in technology available to explore space.

Scientists discovered the first few extrasolar planets in the early 1990s and, ever since, the numbers have shot up. Today, scientists know of 443 planets orbiting around more than 350 stars. Most are gas giants in the mould of Jupiter, the smallest being Gliese 581, which has a mass of 1.9 Earths. In 2009, Nasa launched the Kepler satellite, a probe specifically designed to look for Earth-like planets.

Future generations of ground-based telescopes, such as the proposed European Extremely Large Telescope (with a 30m main mirror), could be operational by 2030, and would be powerful enough to image the atmospheres of faraway planets, looking for chemical signatures that could indicate life. The Seti Institute also, finally, has a serious piece of kit under construction: the Allen Array (funded by a $11.5m/£7.5m donation from Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen) has, at present, 42 radio antennae, each six metres in diameter, but there are plans, if the Seti Institute can raise another $35m, to have up to 300 radio dishes.

In all the years that Seti has been running, it has managed to look carefully at less than 1,000 star systems. With the full Allen Array, they could look at 1,000 star systems in a couple of years.

Shostak is confident that, as telescope technology keeps improving, Seti will find an ET signal within the next two decades. "We will have looked at another million star systems in two dozen years. If this is going to work, it will work soon."

And what happens if and when we detect a signal? "My strenuous advice will be that the coordinates of the transmitting entity should be kept confidential, until the world community has had a chance to evaluate what it's dealing with," Davies told the Guardian recently. "We don't want anybody just turning a radio telescope on the sky and sending their own messages to the source."

But his colleague, Shostak, says we should have no such concerns. "You'll have told the astronomical community – that's thousands of people. Are you going to ask them all not to tell anybody where you're pointing your antenna? There's no way you could do that.

"And anyway, why wouldn't you tell them where [the alien lifeform] is? Are you afraid people will broadcast their own message? They might do that but, remember, The Gong Show has already been broadcast for years." And, for that matter, the Beatles.